Disclosure: I work for AWS.
I am personally unaware of any such "formal system for anonymous denunciations," or that there ever has been. I am in a position where I would know if such a thing had existed within the last 10 years, and I know how to engage with the the appropriate owner if one ever came into being (as all Amazonians are encouraged to do if they have a concern).
[edit written at 2020-04-06T19:50:00Z in response to parent edit]
Forte, and Anytime Feedback before it, is not anonymous, nor is it "effectively anonymous". Just like an email to someone's manager, when you submit feedback your contact information is known to the manager receiving the feedback for one of their reports. It is the responsibility of a manager to take the feedback in context, along with any other information they have or can obtain, and decide what, if any, message should be conveyed to their report. Within my (very large) organization, it is our intentional practice at the highest levels to reinforce that managers must "own their feedback" for their reports. That's to say: you take in all the information and signals that help you grow and develop your report, and you don't say "one of the pieces of feedback that I received is _____."
Currently Forte feedback is provided verbatim to employees without any information about who provided a piece of feedback (both positive feedback and growth areas). This may be why you characterize the feedback as "anonymous." However, 1) only feedback that you request from your colleagues, or your manager explicitly requests on their report's behalf, is included in the Forte annual process. It does not provide any mechanism for someone to provide "unsolicited" feedback (though constructive feedback is encouraged at Amazon, either direct or via a manager). 2) Feedback provided in the Forte annual process is only provided to their report at the discretion of the manager.
From your comments it's pretty clear to me that you didn't have a good experience at Amazon. I'm sorry for that, especially if there was a manager who didn't live up to our high expectations with regard to how to manage performance and develop their reports.