>Light can reflect off of transparent crystals
No, the point of the above post is that a photon is not "reflected", but captured and re-transmitted by photo-electric effect.
Light travels at maximum speed C, only when in a vacuum. Otherwise it travels through a medium. We can see that the different speeds of light cause dispersion such as when it enters and leaves a clear prism (changing mediums, thus spreading out the different speeds/wavelengths of light). Since we know that light is "traveling in a medium" when it travels in air or in the prism, then what do we mean by this? It is traveling slower, so it must have some information about the medium...
So how does the light "know" it's in a material, without interacting with the atoms of the material?
Of course, it couldn't know. It is interacting with the material. The behavior of the particle is fully explained by the photo-electric effect.