I did do a super simple simulation trying to explore if you could escape from beyond the event horizon where time dilation becomes so extreme that even very rare events become common. One of those extremely rare events could be when a galaxy collides with a second galaxy and the black holes at the center end up merging.

Turns out you could escape from falling into a particular black hole if you had a second black hole to counteract the gravity. Unfortunately even while you are at zero acceleration, you end up inside an even larger event horizon formed by the two black holes. Your choices would be to fall into the first black hole, fall into the second, or wait for them to collide. Even the waiting isn't a particularly good option. While being outside the event horizon of a very large black hole minimizes the spagetification problem, there's no such protection inside the event horizon.

In any case if interested in reading sci-fi based on black holes check out https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_holes_in_fiction

One number I saw was for Comet Kyakutake which now has a 70,000 year period, was 58 km/sec. At that speed it would take about 4 minutes to skewer earth. But things would be pretty crazy for something like 3 times that.

Imagine the object is 10,000km away, the nearest edge of the earth is starting to notice less gravity, around 1/2 a G. Walking becomes difficult, homes, bridges, trees, etc would equalize to 0.5G loads, likely making all kinds of interesting noises. Driving would feel like it's on snow/ice (with half the traction, but the same mass).

About a minute later there would be zero gravity over a decent fraction of the near side of the planet. Rivers overflow their banks, cars float into the air with the slighted bump, and any step taken is your last.

Likely volcanos and fault lines would experience significant pressure changes and might well go off. The atmospheric pressure of 15 pounds per square inch (22,500 pounds per square meter) disappears.

Any cars on suspended structures like bridges would be flung into the air as the weight of the entire bridge is suddenly removed. Every car would launch as soon as it hit the smallest bump. Even just the 3000 pounds of car compressing the tires would be enough to launch the car with gravity is removed.

Most humans are still alive. People within a few 1000km in pain, getting bends, and exposed to very low pressures. The atmosphere has going from 15 psi to close to zero.

One minute later the object is 3000 km away, and now acceleration towards it is on the order of 47 M/sec^2, earth is only pulling people back with 9.7M/sec^2 so everything within 1000km is accelerating away from the earth at 4G or so.

First it's all water, most buildings, and all cars that leave the earth's surface and accelerate towards the black hole. Then it's plants, soil, and everything but the bedrock. Then the bedrock, mountains, and the entire earths crust that leaves.

Vertical (or towards the black hole if you prefer) acceleration keeps increasing. Enough to throw significant debris all over the planet, into orbit, and even above escape velocity. The significantly impacted part of the planet has gone from a few % to 25%. Air on the closest half of the planet is rushing towards the impact point at 1000s of miles per hour (accelerated at 15 psi).

Distant locals half way between where the black hole enters and exists are going to start noticing crazy winds and air pressure changes as a decent chunk of the earth atmosphere is leaving the planet.

Seconds later the acceleration is up to 40G or so, it's still 1000 km away, but nothing can resist the acceleration. The deep internal pressures of the earth make things worse as a nearest 1000km of the earth gets pulled on by 40G forces. Think of super volcano the side of a continent, but worse. On the near side of the planet there's really no surface to speak of. Just a giant cloud tormented by the ever increasing gravitation gradients. Spagatification reduces the cloud to small hot particles.

A minute later the object hits where... the surface was. The acceleration of 25% of the earth or so has just reversed direction, with even higher because it's now the earth + black hole. A minimal amount of matter was consumed by the black hole, adding a nice light show at as a few % of the mass consumed is turned into energy.

Now a fraction of the planet has gone from zero PSI sucking the rest of the earths atmosphere in (15 PSI of negative pressure), to a huge over pressure (1000s of PSI of positive pressure) as a everything that left is slammed back into earth. Everything within a 1000km radius of the impact zone saw a negative acceleration of at least 40G followed by a positive acceleration of 41G. The circulate shock wave will be easily heard round the world and will cause a world wide maelstrom just from the energy involved, even ignoring the world wide rain of white hot debris.

I don't think the earth would quite be at the level of a planetary object called synestia, but it's on it's way (look it up).

After another minute the black hole is near the center of the earth, and the entire earth sees 2G of gravity. The energy already imparted into the earth is substantially more than if you ran the moon into the earth at 130,000 mph.

The next minute isn't too bad, oceans, earthquakes, winds, and storms are all off charts in intensive compared to anything besides maybe the center of a nuclear bomb. But nothing worse than what has happened... yet.

Then there's a huge gravitation spike on the opposite side of the planet, north of 40G over a 2000 km diameter circle, but more damaging. As bad as the approach was, the exit wound is worse. It ends up taking a 1000 km deep (earth crust is only 30km or so) chunk of the earth with it. This makes the previous super volcano eruptions look like childs play. The hole left behind could easily drain all the worlds oceans, or if filled with magma would cause the earth to deflate and cause elevation changes world wide. Air pressure would drop world wide, and what was left would be heavily polluted with embers, smoke, and be way too hot to breath. In fact I'm not sure the earth would have a crust at this point.

Depending on the exit I could see all land ending up below the ocean (the average land elevation being much more even than today) or ocean levels being dramatically lower (if the black hole left through the center of the pacific ocean).

Any water within 6000 km or so of exit would be gone, land would be less.

Seems unlikely at this point that the earth rotation would be the same speed, or even the same direction. The orbit around the sun might change some, but not a big deal compared to everything else.

Seems plausible there might still be single cell bacteria alive, but not much more.