One way to implement that is that error-event-raising is just a function which examines the dynamic context for error handlers, and calls them until one transfers control (e.g. by throwing an actual exception). That's pretty simple to implement in any language which has exceptions, panics or similar control-transfer structures.
It gets more complex when you have restarts. The nice thing about Lisp is that all the complexity can be hidden with macros; with other languages you have to be explicit every time.
