Not exactly. You can use star location to determine a spacecraft's orientation (and they do), but its location is determined by measuring the doppler shift of the carrier signal sent from the spacecraft back to earth and running those results through some pretty hairy math. GPS works by having a network of beacons in known locations transmitting signals with known timing. I just learned from a sibling comment in this thread that they're working on using pulsars as the beacons. But building an artificial GPS system for the solar system would require sending out a network of satellites into solar orbit. That might be technically feasible, but not economically feasible.