> People are severely discouraged from using ER for any concern that doesn't require an immediate action

There's a conflict right now in Germany, as many people turn to the ERs instead of primary care practitioners or specialized doctors (e.g. urologists), as for ordinary people it's next to impossible to get a timely appointment.

This, again, has the reason that specialized practices reserve the "timely" slots for higher paying privately insured patients, and that the distribution of general practitioners as well as their supply is a bit... mismanaged, leading to either the practices not being open at times when people are not working (in contrast to a 24/7 ER) or horribly overcrowded.