SELinux and AppArmor would allow you to specify that your text editor is allowed to edit .bashrc, but some random other program isn't.

But I agree with you that this is not really a useful security feature -- you'd want something where a program has to be explicitly granted permission rather than some programs being able to do things that others can't (because then any attacker will just spawn "vi -c 'bad payload'" to get around the restriction).

Directory trees and files have a security context (etc_t, user_home_t, and so on), and there are rules governing which application contexts are allowed to access or modify which security contexts. It doesn't cover every edge case, and it can be frustrating to deal with things like local docker development. But the added safety is absolutely worth it to me.

SELinux labels users and domain transitions, so it's "technically" possible to do so, but I see that incredibly rarely.

I don't think AppArmor has such a facility. It wouldn't make sense, given that AppArmor doesn't know these things like SELinux would.