It sounds like maybe you would like the genre of aphorisms. By definition, there's no filler at all.
My favourites (which are also mostly those with the highest reputation, don't just take my word for it) are:
La Rochefoucauld's Maxims - scathing about your character and it's fabric of vanity and self-love. I find it very funny, for all the terrible things he's always saying about me. It was all polished in the 17th french salons to say the most with the fewest words.
La Bruyere - Characters - slightly longer average length, mostly less savage than La R, still he knows how to sink the boot into humanity, men, women. An example:
Children are haughty, disdainful, quick to anger, envious, curious, self-seeking, lazy, fickle, timid, intemperate, untruthful, secretive; they laugh and weep readily; the most trivial subjects give them immoderate delight or bitter distress; they wish not to be hurt, but they like hurting others: they are men already.
Didn't see that coming, did you. :-)
Lichtenberg - Aphorisms - He was a scientist, thinker, wondering about everything, questioning everything.
All these were favourites of Nietzsche, whose work contains a lot of aphorisms, although it's mostly written in self-contained paragraphs. (except Zarathustra and Untimely Essays)
Gracian's Art of Worldly Wisdom also is written in short paragraphs, and I'd say filler-free. It's a guide to living, maybe the best one I know.
There are a lot of wonderful aphorisms in Emerson, Boswell's Johnson, Kierkegaard, Oscar Wilde etc although I guess they "spend a lot of words on filler", but I thought I'd mention them.
