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Government bonds generally have a fixed term, so unless I'm mistaken, repayment can't be demanded all at once.But espionage, market and currency manipulation, copyright and patent infringement and a miriad of other activities are illegal, yet China does them with impunity.
I can imagine they can demand whatever they want, (they are a sovereign nation) and can use that debt as a bargaining chip to be used in any negotiations.
In theory, I think you are correct, in practice, who know what is possible?