For example, if there is some crypto company whose business is premised on hedging that a "P == NP" proof is just around the corner - short them. Alternatively, maybe buy the firm we think of as RSA. That kind of thing.
This paper hasn't yet got a lot of press attention and I'm only about 1/4 joking when I say I'm curious as to what effect it will have on various stocks if it isn't quickly debunked.