I'm concerned about manufacturing in Third World countries, some of them supposedly being socialists, where workers in practice have no rights whatsoever and often work in terrible conditions and about regimes that partially base their power on the popularity gained within their middle classes by the economic advantages of practically making their lower classes do slave labour for western companies (as well as their own ones). I feel disgusted for owning products made in conditions like that.
Obviously there are exceptions as there are some well developed countries with fair societies outside the Western World as well and obviously I have no problems with purchasing products made in Japan, for example. But that wasn't my point.
I really don't see this working out. Maybe I'm underestimating the purchasing patriotism of the wheat belt though.
How powerful would it be if they were able to say "Designed and manufactured by Apple in California"...
http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/2429f498-82fd-11df-8b15-00144feabd...
So probably not.
From an operational/supply-chain standpoint:
Manufacturing happens in the Pearl River Delta in China for two reasons: speed and cost. The cost is not so much a function of the cheap labour as the proximity to component suppliers and abundance of manufacturing expertise. It's easy to build electronics around Shenzhen for the same reason that it's easy to build a tech start-up in the Valley. Everything you need is around the corner.
For Apple, one must remember that everything they build is composed of components sourced in south-east China. As a result, US-based manufacturing would be ludicrously inefficient. Hugely increased costs, greater inventory stockpiles, completely needless carbon emissions, and lost flexibility. It's like proposing RAM on a USB stick. It's so inefficient as to be nonsensical.
Even if that were not the case, Apple specialize in what they're good at: implementing great software, and designing wonderful hardware to accompany it. It would be go entirely against the grain of Apple's culture of doing a small number of things well to start a huge manufacturing arm. If they wanted to increase the good they do for the US, there are vastly better ways they could go about it.
Next, even if Apple actually thought it was a good idea, they would be unable to pull it off without a lot of trial, error, and screw-ups. Foxconn is the Apple of manufacturing, and they're used by every major consumer electronics company for good reason. Apple are great at what they do after twenty years of experience, and appreciate the importance of truly knowing a problem-space. Manufacturing expertise is neither simple nor free.
Lastly, stepping aside from these operational concerns, the moral case is weak. Why do the inhabitants of Detroit deserve jobs more than those of the cities around Shenzhen? I've been to the Chinese factories that Apple uses. People like their jobs. The conditions are good. I've also seen the conditions that people who don't have jobs at Apple factories live in.
China is taking people out of poverty faster than any civilization ever has before. Is funding innovation centers in Detroit really a better moral cause? I don't want to turn this into a political discussion, but I believe that the goal of bringing manufacturing jobs to the US is at least not an obviously great one.
Because they pay taxes on wages they earn in my country, if not they are supported by social programs in my country that are paid for by my tax dollars. Change that and I am all for it, until then I prefer job creation in my country.
America is a laughably bad place to base a manufacturing operation. Labor laws and regulations are ridiculously strict. Laborers are paid more and work less than anywhere else in the world. The science of managing global supply chains would not exist if the collocation of development and manufacturing were so economically opposed to each other.
He argues that Apple "could then easily — and justifiably — charge a premium for American-made iPods or iPhones or products we haven’t even seen yet." I don't believe I have ever read anything so fatuous. Price is dictated by what the consumer wants to pay, not the need to make a profit as the trade with China so persuasively demonstrates.
The future of manufacturing is Vietnam, Thailand, and Malaysia. It will not be Detroit. It is hard to find anything other than wishful thinking in this article.
The basis for the article is charity not profit. How does manufacturing their device in Detroit provide any competitive advantages. Apple does not have the margin or expertise to build semi-conductor fabs in Detroit, nor does the expertise exist to run such a plant in Detroit.
I would be really more concerned that asia starts making it's own software and are some-what surprised that they are struggling so much to come up with anything useful.
And having been to many OEM factories in southern China and Taiwan, you have to put their labor in context - workers pour in to work and are making several times more money than their parents did - the generational difference is massive. Imagine making 10x more than your parents. They have job fairs with hundreds of thousands of people wanting to work, its not forced. There is a wide spread air of excitement and opportunity all over south east Asia.
Apple tapping these eager to work people gives them more capital to reinvest in the 1000x more valuable jobs in Cupertino, this in turn employs a lot more people and business in America.
They have plenty of cash with which to do so though such a project is perhaps not the best diversion of resources for shareholders...
http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1990/...
That aside, labour costs are not actually a large proportion of the cost of manufacturing electronics. The main reason goods like this are manufactured in the far east is that all of the components are manufactured there, so it makes sense to assemble them nearby. Detroit is pretty much the worst place you could imagine for that - think of the lead times.
1) The Chinese people are impoverished by the Chinese government and kept that way by the dollar peg.
2) People in China would kill to be paid what we call minimum wage here in the USA... that is, if they were allowed to have guns.
3) The main expense in a modern manufacturing operation is not manpower but rather the automation in the manufacturing facility itself.
4) Most of the know-how to build these factories and the companies that manufacture automation equipment are located in China.
5) Making iphones in the USA would probably cost 5x as much as making them in China, and at most Americans would pay 20% more to have a "Made in USA" stamped on the iphone.
2) customer base is world wide, so there isn't a geographic reason necessarily to base manufacturing in America. Whenever I buy an Apple product (not from their brick & mortar store), it ships directly from Shenzhen to my door here in Manhattan (I couldn't care less if it shipped from Texas)
But big companies seem to have the QC down; I have lots of well-made stuff from China. I cringe at the thought that all my IKEA furniture is made in China, but it was all perfectly manufactured and has held up wonderfully for many years. Good design + good QA means you can get good product out of China. (There is lots of poorly-made stuff from China, but it's poorly-made because it's rock-bottom cheap, not merely cheap. Rock-bottom cheap stuff made anywhere is crap.)
The next issue is the labor one. I ask myself, how would pulling all manufacturing out of China help the Chinese people? $1/day buys more food than $0/day, right? So would manufacturing stuff outside of China help the overall human condition? Would it help me? What's the advantage here?
Just a small data point: the $4 made-in-China shirts I buy at Target seem to be better stitched than the average $20 made-in-America shirts I buy from American Apparel. I have had a lot of the AA shirts just completely unravel in the first wash. I always get an apology and a replacement, but I've never had a cheap Target T-shirt do this. So China is not automatically worse, although I do prefer the American-made product for other reasons.
1. I'm not arguing for Apple moving their entire manufacturing base to the US. What I'm suggesting is a US facility to (as noted in the piece) produce limited run goods. Indeed, I explicitly suggest that it be a "technology incubator."
2. I don't mention China once in the piece, and there's a reason for that. This isn't about arguing against one place, just arguing for Apple (or another, similar manufacturer) giving a piece of the game to a US facility.
Maybe it's feasible, maybe it's not. My argument is only that it would be a win for Apple in terms of PR and brand image, and it would be a win for wherever they did it. I'm admittedly not coming at this from a pure tech/logistics angle.
As for the "wishful thinking" comment, I'll cop to that.
But like I said, thanks for the feedback. Good thoughts.
Neal
http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2010/07/12/how-apple-maintains-e...
Apple announces tomorrow that they’ve purchased a dormant facility in Detroit with plans to turn it into a high-end technology incubator. They’ll produce both internal prototypes and limited-run consumer goods. They’ll hire 500 workers and offer them comprehensive training and full benefits.
Who wouldn’t be excited by that?"
Apple?
