You need types. Then you need "higher order types" or parameterized types. Then you need a way to discuss a common set of operations which appear repeatedly for some of these parameterized types and it can't be OO-like.
You can exemplify the operations in, e.g., Lisp, but you have a hard time "talking about" the thing.
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In Scheme, monads are the answer to the following question:
The functions (define (pure a) (list a)) and (define (join ls) (foldl append (list) ls)) are related to lists in the same way that (define (pure a) (lambda (k) (k a))) and (define (join z) (lambda (k) ((z k) k))) is related to CPS-transformed programs. What is the commonality?
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