There are such mechanisms.
Wire for example, doesn't require you to sign up with a phone number. You don't even have to have a phone.
How is it not an obfuscation mechanism that works at scale?
Also, what if google has a rogue employee who works for one of the surveillance agencies?
Trusting all your private data to an advertising company that has root access on your device in an app that is explicitly built around security and privacy is insane.