I'm on mobile right now, and I don't see a way to check 2FA status from within the Gmail app. I can confirm that I've had it set up correctly before, as I've received an authentication code from Google as recently as September 28.
Aha, thanks, that does indeed say that 2FA is disabled. But I'm seriously baffled as to how it became disabled, as I absolutely enabled it previously and have been receiving 2FA verification codes via text since at least May 2015. Is there some way of accidentally disabling 2FA for Google accounts? I haven't gotten a new phone for years, and I've made no other changes to my Google account for as long.