But your argument seems to fundamentally rest on Solomonoff induction. Put any
real algorithm in there, and now you need to ensure that 1. the biases of the algorithm encompass a hypothesis that matches the data and 2. the algorithm will be able to arrive at that hypothesis given a real data stream, and, ideally, a real amount of computation. Both of these are hard questions, in the strongest sense of the term.
And once you open that door, well, all you've really done is restate the fact that learning how the universe works seems to be really difficult.